Unraveling Job Embeddedness in the Indian Hotel Sector : Investigating Turnover and Retention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2024/v17i6/173559Keywords:
employee retention
, employee turnover, job embeddedness, employment stability, hotel sector, qualitative study.JEL Classification Codes
, J63, M12, O15Paper Submission Date
, August 20, 2023, Paper sent back for Revision, March 14, 2024, Paper Acceptance Date, March 27, Paper Published Online, June 15, 2024Abstract
Purpose : The aim of conducting this study was to uncover the driving forces that encourage employees to remain in their current positions within the hotel industry. Given the industry's notably high turnover rate, the study sought to identify the elements contributing to employee retention, with a focus on the significance of job embeddedness and its components: fit, link, and sacrifice.
Design/Methodology/Approach : Interviews were conducted face-to-face and in semi-structured formats with 36 (N = 36) respondents employed at luxury hotels in the Uttarakhand region, employing purposive sampling techniques. N-Vivo software was used to evaluate the results once content analysis was selected as the methodology.
Findings : Employee retention is impacted by job embeddedness in the community and company, according to the studies. The effects of each job embeddedness variable on employee retention were also examined in this study.
Practical Implications : A key component of strong job retention is high job embeddedness. This strategy offered doable tactics for improving employee retention and claimed to reduce the turnover rates in this high-turnover industry.
Originality/Value : The fit, link, and sacrifice dimensions of job embeddedness were examined in this initial study to determine staff retention in the high-turnover hotel business. This study’s novel approach to job embeddedness provided the foundation for HRM research and practice.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Afroz, S., & Haque, M. I. (2021). Demographic characteristics and turnover intention: A study of Indian BPOs. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 14(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2021/v14i1/157063
Akhtar, T., Zahir, A., Tareq, M. A., & Mahdzir, A. M. (2017). The key motivating factors of employee retention: A resource based view. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 10(4), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2017/v10i4/112770
Allen, D. G., Shore, L. M., & Griffeth, R. W. (2003). The role of perceived organizational support and supportive human resource practices in the turnover process. Journal of Management, 29(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630302900107
Allen, D. G., Weeks, K. P., & Moffitt, K. R. (2005). Turnover intentions and voluntary turnover: The moderating roles of self-monitoring, locus of control, proactive personality, and risk aversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 980–990. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.980
Bambacas, M., & Kulik, T. C. (2012). Job embeddedness in China: How HR practices impact turnover intentions. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(10), 1933–1952. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.725074
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Baxter, J., & Eyles, J. (1997). Evaluating qualitative research in social geography: Establishing 'Rigour' in interview analysis. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 22(4), 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.1997.00505.x
Bergiel, E. B., Nguyen, V. Q., Clenney, B. F., & Taylor, G. S. (2009). Human resource practices, job embeddedness and intention to quit. Management Research News, 32(3), 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170910943084
Bitsch, V. (2005). Qualitative research: A grounded theory example and evaluation criteria. Journal of Agribusiness, 23(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.59612
Boswell, W. R., Roehling, M. V., LePine, M. A., & Moynihan, L. M. (2003). Individual job-choice decisions and the impact of job attributes and recruitment practices: A longitudinal field study. Human Resource Management, 42(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10062
Bowen, G. A. (2008). Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: A research note. Qualitative Research, 8(1), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107085301
Brown, S. P., & Leigh, T. W. (1996). A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.81.4.358
Byrnes, J. F., & Cascio, W. F. (1984). Costing human resources: The financial impact of behavior in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 370.
Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with implications for research. The Academy of Management Review, 11(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/258331
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1031–1042. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1031
Daniel, T. A., & Metcalf, G. S. (2005). The fundamentals of employee recognition. Society of Human Resource Management, 1(1), 1–7.
Deery, M. (2008). Talent management, work-life balance and retention strategies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(7), 792–806. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110810897619
DeRue, D. S., & Wellman, N. (2009). Developing leaders via experience: The role of developmental challenge, learning orientation, and feedback availability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 859–875. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015317
Dohroo, M., Duggal, T., & Agrawal, C. (2023). Effect of ethical leadership development on improving business organizations within the context of organizational behavior and turnover intentions. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 16(10), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2023/v16i10/173197
Elliot, A. J., & Dweck, C. S. (2005). Competence and motivation: Competence as the core of achievement motivation. In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 3–12). Guilford Publications.
Faisal, S. (2022). Job embeddedness and its connection with person-organization fit among Saudi Arabian employees. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(2), 348–360. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(2).2022.29
Felstead, A., Jewson, N., Phizacklea, A., & Walters, S. (2002). Opportunities to work at home in the context of work-life balance. Human Resource Management Journal, 12(1), 54–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2002.tb00057.x
Ferreira, A. I., Martinez, L. F., Lamelas, J. P., & Rodrigues, R. I. (2017). Mediation of job embeddedness and satisfaction in the relationship between task characteristics and turnover: A multilevel study in Portuguese hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 248–267. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-03-2015-0126
Gay, L. R., & Diehl, P. L. (1992). Research methods for business and management. Macmillan Publishing Company.
Hekman, D. R., Bigley, G. A., Steensma, H. K., & Hereford, J. F. (2009). Combined effects of organizational and professional identification on the reciprocity dynamic for professional employees. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 506–526. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.41330897
Hemavathi, G. P., & Justus, F. S. (2023). Flexibility culture, person–job fit, and job benefits as predictors of eudaimonic workplace wellbeing and turnover intention of employees. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 16(10), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2023/v16i10/171900
Hemdi, M. A., & Nasurdin, A. M. (2006). Predicting turnover intentions of hotel employees: The influence of employee development human resource management practices and trust in organization. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 8(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5625
Hinkin, T. R., & Tracey, J. B. (2010). What makes it so great?: An analysis of human resources practices among Fortune's best companies to work for. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(2), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965510362487
Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Inderrieden, E. J. (2005). Shocks as causes of turnover: What they are and how organizations can manage them. Human Resource Management, 44(3), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20074
Hom, P. W., Tsui, A. S., Wu, J. B., Lee, T. W., Zhang, A. Y., Fu, P. P., & Li, L. (2009). Explaining employment relationships with social exchange and job embeddedness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013453
Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635–672. https://doi.org/10.2307/256741
James, L., & Mathew, L. (2012). Employee retention strategies: IT industry. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 9(3), 79–87.
Jnaneswar, K. (2019). Can work engagement and job satisfaction predict employee innovation? Case of Indian telecom employees. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 12(10), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2019/v12i10/147813
Karatepe, O. M. (2012). The effects of coworker and perceived organizational support on hotel employee outcomes: The moderating role of job embeddedness. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(4), 495–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348011413592
Karatepe, O. M., & Kilic, H. (2007). Relationships of supervisor support and conflicts in the work–family interface with the selected job outcomes of frontline employees. Tourism Management, 28(1), 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.019
Kaur, B., Mohindru, & Pankaj, (2013). Antecedents of turnover intentions: A literature review. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(10), 1219–1230. https://www.ripublication.com/gjmbs_spl/gjmbsv3n10_26.pdf
Kim, N. (2014). Employee turnover intention among newcomers in travel industry. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1898
Kumar, R. (2018). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage Publications. https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/5018508
LaMalfa, K. (2007). The top 11 ways to increase your employee loyalty. Allegiance. www.allegiance.com
Lee, J., & Ok, C. (2015). Hotel employee work engagement and its consequences. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 25(2), 133–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2014.994154
Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. (1994). An alternative approach: The unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. The Academy of Management Review, 19(1), 51–89. https://doi.org/10.2307/258835
Lee, T. W., Burch, T. C., & Mitchell, T. R. (2014). The story of why we stay: A review of job embeddedness. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091244
Levi, L. (2002). Prevention of work-related stress and ill health: Options and obstacles. European Psychiatry, 17(S1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)80102-x
Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health Promotion Practice, 16(4), 473–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839915580941
Lourel, M., Ford, M. T., Edey Gamassou, C. E., Guéguen, N., & Hartmann, A. (2009). Negative and positive spillover between work and home: Relationship to perceived stress and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(5), 438–449. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910959762
Malhotra, N. K. (2008). Marketing research: An applied orientation (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
Marasi, S., Cox, S. S., & Bennett, R. J. (2016). Job embeddedness: Is it always a good thing? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(1), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-05-2013-0150
Markle, A. B. (2011). Dysfunctional learning in decision processes: The case of employee reciprocity. Strategic Management Journal, 32(13), 1411–1425. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.967
Mehta, M., Kurbetti, A., & Dhankhar, R. (2014). Study on employee retention and commitment. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 2(2), 154–164.
Miller, N. G., Erickson, A., & Yust, B. L. (2001). Sense of place in the workplace: The relationship between personal objects and job satisfaction and motivation. Journal of Interior Design, 27(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1668.2001.tb00364.x
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102–1121. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069391
Moen, P., Kelly, E., & Huang, R. (2008). Fit inside the work-family black box: An ecology of the life course, cycles of control reframing. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(3), 411–433. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908x315495
Nafei, W. (2015). The effects of job embeddedness on organizational cynicism and employee performance: A study on Sadat City University. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v6n1p8
Newsome Jr., M., & Pillari, V. (1992). Job satisfaction and the worker-supervisor relationship. The Clinical Supervisor, 9(2), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1300/j001v09n02_11
Osca, A., Urien, B., González-Camino, G., MartÃnez-Pérez, M. D., & MartÃnez-Pérez, N. (2005). Organisational support and group efficacy: A longitudinal study of main and buffer effects. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(3–4), 292–311. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940510589064
Owens, P. L. (2006). One more reason not to cut your training budget: The relationship between training and organizational outcomes. Public Personnel Management, 35(2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102600603500205
Paré, G., & Tremblay, M. (2007). The influence of high-involvement human resources practices, procedural justice, organizational commitment, and citizenship behaviors on information technology professionals' turnover intentions. Group & Organization Management, 32(3), 326–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601106286875
Patwardhan, V., Mayya, S., & Joshi, H. (2018). Women managers moving on: What might influence their career advancement and satisfaction in the Indian hotel industry? Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 11(12), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2018/v11i12/139986
Peltokorpi, V., Allen, D. G., & Froese, F. (2017). Organizational embeddedness, turnover intentions, and voluntary turnover: The moderating effects of employee demographic characteristics and value orientations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(4), 612. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2192
Preenen, P. T., De Pater, I. E., Van Vianen, A. E., & Keijzer, L. (2011). Managing voluntary turnover through challenging assignments. Group & Organization Management, 36(3), 308–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601111402067
Rashmi, K., Kataria, A., & Singh, R. (2021). Work-life balance: A review and future research agenda. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 14(2), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2021/v14i2/157690
Sahinidis, A. G., & Bouris, J. (2008). Employee perceived training effectiveness relationship to employee attitudes. Journal of European Industrial Training, 32(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590810846575
Silverman, M. (2004). Non-financial recognition: The most effective of rewards (pp. 1–16). Institute for Employment Studies. https://www.employmentstudies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp4.pdf
Slaughter, J. E., Richard, E. M., & Martin, J. H. (2006). Comparing the efficacy of policycapturing weights and direct estimates for predicting job choice. Organizational Research Methods, 9(3), 285–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105279936
Tett, R. P., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46(2), 259–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00874.x
Thanacoody, P. R., Newman, A., & Fuchs, S. (2013). Affective commitment and turnover intentions among healthcare professionals: The role of emotional exhaustion and disengagement. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(13), 1841–1857. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.860389
Tobin, G. A., & Begley, C. M. (2004). Methodological rigour within a qualitative framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.x
Trivedi, V., & Agarwala, T. (2021). Standing in my way nine to five: Investigating bullying behaviours prevalent among IT professionals in India. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 14(9), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2021/v14i9/166293
Uzochukwu, O. C., Obiageli, O. L., Jonathan, O. R., & Olohi, E. S. (2018). Job embeddedness and employee performance in selected oil and gas companies in Bayelsa state of Nigeria. African Journal of Business Management, 12(2), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm2017.8466
Vanaki, Z., & Vagharseyyedin, S. A. (2009). Organizational commitment, work environment conditions, and life satisfaction among Iranian nurses. Nursing & Health Sciences, 11(4), 404–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2009.00473.x
Vashisht, R., Kaushal, P., & Vashisht, S. (2022). Job embeddedness and work performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 15(7), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2022/v15i7/170789
Weber, E. U., & Milliman, R. A. (1997). Perceived risk attitudes: Relating risk perception to risky choice. Management Science, 43(2), 123–256. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.43.2.123
Zainuddin, Y., & Noor, A. (2019). The role of job embeddedness and organizational continuance commitment on intention to stay: Development of research framework and hypotheses. KnE Social Sciences, 3(22), 1017–1035. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i22.5108
Zhang, X., & Fang, P. (2016). Job satisfaction of village doctors during the new healthcare reforms in China. Australian Health Review, 40(2), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1071/ah15205