Purpose : Three decades of research on national culture and entrepreneurship have produced inconclusive and often contradictory findings, particularly on the effects of individualism–collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and power distance. This study developed a conceptual model specifying the conditions under which, and the mechanisms through which, culture shapes entrepreneurial intention and action, thereby addressing the intention–action gap.

Design/Methodology/Approach : An integrative literature review of 100 peer-reviewed studies published between 1980 and 2025 was conducted using bibliographic databases and publisher platforms. Using a Theory–Context–Characteristics–Methodology approach, studies were purposively sampled to cover the principal theoretical traditions, geographic contexts, and methods, and analyzed through qualitative thematic synthesis across five domains.

Findings : Cultural orientations indirectly influenced entrepreneurial activity through the formation of cognitive appraisals and social norms, while culturally embedded conditions impacted the transformation of entrepreneurial intention into action. Prior work was weakened by equating nation with culture, assuming the temporal stability of cultural values, and neglecting the intention–action gap, as intention explained only about 17% of the variance in entrepreneurial behavior.

Practical Implications : Entrepreneurship policy and education should be culturally responsive: risk-reducing measures should be implemented in high uncertainty-avoidance cultures, norm-based support should be implemented in collectivist cultures, and mentoring, female role models, gender-sensitive financing, and implementation-intention training can help translate intention into action.

Originality/Value : The paper developed the Culture–Cognition–Translation Framework, which has three interrelated layers (cultural orientation, cognitive–normative mechanisms, and culturally embedded translation conditions) and five empirically testable propositions.

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